TY  - BOOK
AU  - Widmaier,Eric P.
AU  - Raff,Hershel
AU  - Strang,Kevin T.
AU  - Vander,Arthur J.
TI  - Vander's human physiology: the mechanisms of body function 
SN  - 9780077350017 (hbk.)
U1  - 612 22
PY  - 2011///
CY  - New York
PB  - McGraw-Hill
KW  - Human physiology
KW  - Textbooks
N1  - Includes index; Homeostasis: a framework for human physiology -- Chemical composition of the body -- Cellular structure, proteins, and metabolism -- Movement of molecules across cell membranes -- Control of cells by chemical messengers -- Neuronal signaling and the structure of the nervous system -- Sensory physiology -- Consciousness, the brain, and behavior -- Muscle -- Control of Body Movement -- The endocrine system -- Cardiovascular physiology -- Respiratory physiology -- The kidneys and regulation of water and inorganic ions -- The digestion and absorption of food -- Regulation of organic metabolism and energy balance -- Reproduction -- The immune system -- Medical physiology: integration using clinical cases; Machine generated contents note; ch. 1; Homeostasis: A Framework for Human Physiology --; 1.1; The Scope of Human Physiology --; 1.2; How Is the Body Organized? --; Muscle Cells and Tissue --; Neurons and Nervous Tissue --; Epithelial Cells and Epithelial Tissue --; Connective-Tissue Cells and Connective Tissue --; Organs and Organ Systems --; 1.3; Body Fluid Compartments --; 1.4; Homeostasis: A Defining Feature of Physiology --; 1.5; General Characteristics of Homeostatic Control Systems --; Feedback Systems --; Resetting of Set Points --; Feedforward Regulation --; 1.6; Components of Homeostatic Control Systems --; Reflexes --; Local Homeostatic Responses --; 1.7; Intercellular Chemical Messengers --; 1.8; Processes Related to Homeostasis --; Adaptation and Acclimatization --; Biological Rhythms --; Balance in the Homeostasis of Chemical Substances in the Body --; ch. 1; Clinical Case Study --; Test Questions --; Quantitative and Thought Questions --; Answers to Physiological Inquiries --; ch. 2; Chemical Composition of the Body; 2.1; Atoms --; Components of Atoms --; Atomic Number --; Atomic Weight --; Ions --; Atomic Composition of the Body --; 2.2; Molecules --; Covalent Chemical Bonds --; Hydrogen Bonds --; Molecular Shape --; Ionic Molecules --; Free Radicals --; 2.3; Solutions --; Water --; Molecular Solubility --; Concentration --; Hydrogen Ions and Acidity --; 2.4; Classes of Organic Molecules --; Carbohydrates --; Lipids --; Proteins --; Nucleic Acids --; ATP --; ch. 2; Clinical Case Study --; Test Questions --; Answers to Physiological Inquiries --; ch. 3; Cellular Structure, Proteins, and Metabolism --; Section A; Cell Structure --; 3A.1; Microscopic Observations of Cells --; 3A.2; Membranes --; Membrane Structure --; Membrane Junctions --; 3A.3; Cell Organelles --; Nucleus --; Ribosomes --; Endoplasmic Reticulum --; Golgi Apparatus --; Endosomes --; Mitochondria --; Lysosomes --; Peroxisomes --; Vaults --; Cytoskeleton --; Section B; Proteins --; 3B.1; Genetic Code --; 3B.2; Protein Synthesis --; Transcription: mRNA Synthesis --; Translation: Polypeptide Synthesis --; Regulation of Protein Synthesis --; Mutation; 3B.3; Protein Degradation --; 3B.4; Protein Secretion --; Section C; Protein-Binding Sites --; 3C.1; t; Ch. 4; Movement of Molecules Across Cell Membranes --; 4.1; Diffusion --; Magnitude and Direction of Diffusion --; Diffusion Rate Versus Distance --; Diffusion Through Membranes --; 4.2; Mediated-Transport Systems --; Facilitated Diffusion --; Active Transport --; 4.3; Osmosis --; Extracellular Osmolarity and Cell Volume --; 4.4; Endocytosis and Exocytosis --; Endocytosis --; Exocytosis --; 4.5; Epithelial Transport --; ch. 4; Clinical Case Study --; Test Questions --; Quantitative and Thought Questions --; Answers to Physiological Inquiries --; ch. 5; Control of Cells by Chemical Messengers --; 5.1; Receptors --; Regulation of Receptors --; 5.2; Signal Transduction Pathways --; Pathways Initiated by Lipid-Soluble Messengers --; Pathways Initiated by Water-Soluble Messengers --; Plasma Membrane Receptors and Gene Transcription --; Cessation of Activity in Signal Transduction Pathways --; ch. 5; Clinical Case Study --; Test Questions --; Quantitative and Thought Questions --; Answers to Physiological Inquiries --; ch. 6; Neuronal Signaling and the Structure of the Nervous System --; Section A; Neural Tissue; 6A.1; Structure and Maintenance of Neurons --; 6A.2; Functional Classes of Neurons --; 6A.3; Glial Cells --; 6A.4; Neural Growth and Regeneration --; Section B; Membrane Potentials --; 6B.1; Basic Principles of Electricity --; 6B.2; The Resting Membrane Potential --; 6B.3; Graded Potentials and Action Potentials --; Graded Potentials --; Action Potentials --; Section C; Synapses --; 6C.1; Functional Anatomy of Synapses --; 6C.2; t; 6D.3; Peripheral Nervous System --; 6D.4; Autonomic Nervous System --; 6D.5; Blood Supply, Blood-Brain Barrier, and Cerebrospinal Fluid --; ch. 6; Clinical Case Study --; Test Questions --; Quantitative and Thought Questions --; Answers to Physiological Inquiries --; ch. 7; Sensory Physiology --; Section A; General Principles --; 7A.1; Sensory Receptors --; The Receptor Potential --; 7A.2; Primary Sensory Coding --; Stimulus Type --; Stimulus Intensity --; Stimulus Location --; Central Control of Afferent Information --; 7A.3; Ascending Neural Pathways in Sensory Systems --; 7A.4; Association Cortex and Perceptual Processing --; Factors That Affect Perception --; Section B; Specific Sensory Systems --; 7B.1; Somatic Sensation --; Touch and Pressure --; Sense of Posture and Movement --; Temperature --; Pain --; Neural Pathways of the Somatosensory System --; 7B.2; Vision --; Light --; Overview of Eye Anatomy --; The Optics of Vision --; Photoreceptor Cells and Phototransduction --; Neural Pathways of Vision --; Color Vision --; Color Blindness --; Eye Movement; 7B.3; Hearing --; Sound --; Sound Transmission in the Ear --; Hair Cells of the Organ of Corti --; Neural Pathways in Hearing --; 7B.4; Vestibular System --; The Semicircular Canals --; The Utricle and Saccule --; Vestibular Information and Pathways --; 7B.5; Chemical Senses --; Taste --; Smell --; ch. 7; Clinical Case Study --; Test Questions --; Quantitative and Thought Questions --; Answers to Physiological Inquiries --; ch. 8; Consciousness, the Brain, and Behavior --; 8.1; States of Consciousness --; Electroencephalogram --; The Waking State --; Sleep --; Neural Substrates of States of Consciousness --; Coma and Brain Death --; 8.2; Conscious Experiences --; Selective Attention --; Neural Mechanisms of Conscious Experiences --; 8.3; Motivation and Emotion --; Motivation --; Emotion --; 8.4; Altered States of Consciousness --; Schizophrenia --; The Mood Disorders: Depressions and Bipolar Disorders --; Psychoactive Substances, Dependences, and Tolerance --; 8.5; Learning and Memory --; Memory --; The Neural Basis of Learning and Memory --; 8.6; Cerebral Dominance and Language; Ch. 8; Clinical Case Study --; Test Questions --; Quantitative and Thought Questions --; Answers to Physiological Inquiries --; ch. 9; Muscle --; Section A; Skeletal Muscle --; 9A.1; Structure --; 9A.2; Molecular Mechanisms of Skeletal Muscle Contraction --; Sliding-Filament Mechanism --; Roles of Troponin, Tropomyosin, and Ca2+ in Contraction --; Excitation-Contraction Coupling --; Membrane Excitation: The Neuromuscular Junction --; 9A.3; Mechanics of Single-Fiber Contraction --; Twitch Contractions --; Load-Velocity Relation --; Length-Tension Relation --; 9A.4; Skeletal Muscle Energy Metabolism --; Muscle Fatigue --; 9A.5; Types of Skeletal Muscle Fibers --; 9A.6; Whole-Muscle Contraction --; Control of Muscle Tension --; Control of Shortening Velocity --; Muscle Adaptation to Exercise --; Lever Action of Muscles and Bones --; 9A.7; Skeletal Muscle Disorders --; Muscle Cramps --; Hypocalcemic Tetany --; Muscular Dystrophy --; Myasthenia Gravis --; Section B; Smooth and Cardiac Muscle --; 9B.1; Structure of Smooth Muscle; 9B.2; Smooth Muscle Contraction and Its Control --; Cross-Bridge Activation --; Sources of Cytosolic Ca2+ --; Membrane Activation --; Types of Smooth Muscle --; 9B.3; Cardiac Muscle --; Cellular Structure of Cardiac Muscle --; Excitation-Contraction Coupling in Cardiac Muscle --; ch. 9; Clinical Case Study --; Test Questions --; Quantitative and Thought Questions --; Answers to Physiological Inquiries --; ch. 10; Control of Body Movement --; 10.1; Motor Control Hierarchy --; Voluntary and Involuntary Actions --; 10.2; Local Control of Motor Neurons --; Interneurons --; Local Afferent Input --; 10.3; The Brain Motor Centers and the Descending Pathways They Control --; Cerebral Cortex --; Subcortical and Brainstem Nuclei --; Cerebellum --; Descending Pathways; Note continued; 10.4; Muscle Tone --; Abnormal Muscle Tone --; 10.5; Maintenance of Upright Posture and Balance --; 10.6; Walking --; ch. 10; Clinical Case Study --; Test Questions --; Quantitative and Thought Questions --; Answers to Physiological Inquiries --; ch. 11; The Endocrine System --; Section A; Principles of Hormonal Control Systems --; 11A.1; Hormone Structures and Synthesis --; Amine Hormones --; Peptide and Protein Hormones --; Steroid Hormones --; 11A.2; Hormone Transport in the Blood --; 11A.3; Hormone Metabolism and Excretion --; 11A.4; Mechanisms of Hormone Action --; Hormone Receptors --; Events Elicited by Hormone-Receptor Binding --; Pharmacological Effects of Hormones --; 11A.5; Inputs That Control Hormone Secretion --; Control by Plasma Concentrations of Mineral Ions or Organic Nutrients --; Control by Neurons --; Control by Other Hormones --; 11A.6; Types of Endocrine Disorders --; Hyposecretion --; Hypersecretion --; Hyporesponsiveness and Hyperresponsiveness; Section B; The Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland --; 11B.1; Control Systems Involving the Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland --; Posterior Pituitary Gland Hormones --; Anterior Pituitary Gland Hormones and the Hypothalamus --; Section C; The Thyroid Gland --; 11C.1; Synthesis of Thyroid Hormones --; 11C.2; Control of Thyroid Function --; 11C.3; Actions of Thyroid Hormones --; Metabolic Actions --; Permissive Actions --; Growth and Development --; 11C.4; Hypothyroidism and Hyperthyroidism --; Section D; The Endocrine Response to Stress --; 11D.1; Physiological Functions of Cortisol --; 11D.2; Functions of Cortisol in Stress --; 11D.3; Adrenal Insufficiency and Cushing's Syndrome --; 11D.4; Other Hormones Released During Stress --; 11D.5; Psychological Stress and Disease --; Section E; Endocrine Control of Growth --; 11E.1; Bone Growth --; 11E.2; Environmental Factors Influencing Growth --; 11E.3; Hormonal Influences on Growth --; Growth Hormone and Insulin-Like Growth Factors --; Thyroid Hormones --; Insulin --; Sex Hormones --; Cortisol --; Section F; Endocrine Control of Ca2+ Homeostasis; 11F.1; Effector Sites for Ca2+ Homeostasis --; Bone --; Kidneys --; Gastrointestinal Tract --; 11F.2; Hormonal Controls --; Parathyroid Hormone --; 1, 25-Dihydroxyvitamin D --; Calcitonin --; 11F.3; Metabolic Bone Diseases --; Hypercalcemia --; Hypocalcemia --; ch. 11; Clinical Case Study --; Test Questions --; Quantitative and Thought Questions --; Answers to Physiological Inquiries --; ch. 12; Cardiovascular Physiology --; Section A; Overall Design of the Circulatory System --; 12A.1; System Overview --; 12A.2; Pressure, Flow, and Resistance --; Section B; The Heart --; 12B.1; Anatomy --; Cardiac Muscle --; 12B.2; Heartbeat Coordination --; Sequence of Excitation --; Cardiac Action Potentials and Excitation of the SA Node --; The Electrocardiogram --; Excitation-Contraction Coupling --; Refractory Period of the Heart --; 12B.3; Mechanical Events of the Cardiac Cycle --; Mid-Diastole to Late Diastole --; Systole --; Early Diastole --; Pulmonary Circulation Pressures --; Heart Sounds --; 12B.4; The Cardiac Output --; Control of Heart Rate --; Control of Stroke Volume --; 12B.5; Measurement of Cardiac Function; Section C; The Vascular System --; 12C.1; Arteries --; Arterial Blood Pressure --; Measurement of Systemic Arterial Pressure --; 12C.2; Arterioles --; Local Controls --; Extrinsic Controls --; Endothelial Cells and Vascular Smooth Muscle --; Arteriolar Control in Specific Organs --; 12C.3; Capillaries --; Anatomy of the Capillary Network --; Velocity of Capillary Blood Flow --; Diffusion Across the Capillary Wall: Exchanges of Nutrients and Metabolic End Products --; Bulk Flow Across the Capillary Wall: Distribution of the Extracellular Fluid --; 12C.4; Veins --; Determinants of Venous Pressure --; 12C.5; The Lymphatic System --; Mechanism of Lymph Flow --; Section D; Integration of Cardiovascular Function: Regulation of Systemic Arterial Pressure --; 12D.1; Baroreceptor Reflexes --; Arterial Baroreceptors --; The Medullary Cardiovascular Center --; Operation of the Arterial Baroreceptor Reflex --; Other Baroreceptors --; 12D.2; Blood Volume and Long-Term Regulation of Arterial Pressure --; 12D.3; Other Cardiovascular Reflexes and Responses --; Section E; Cardiovascular Patterns in Health and Disease; 12E.1; Hemorrhage and Other Causes of Hypotension --; Shock --; 12E.2; The Upright Posture --; 12E.3; Exercise --; Maximal Oxygen Consumption and Training --; 12E.4; Hypertension --; 12E.5; Heart Failure --; 12E.6; Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy --; 12E.7; Coronary Artery Disease and Heart Attacks --; Section F; Blood and Hemostasis --; 12F.1; Plasma --; 12F.2; The Blood Cells --; Erythrocytes --; Leukocytes --; Platelets --; Regulation of Blood Cell Production --; 12F.3; Hemostasis: The Prevention of Blood Loss --; Formation of a Platelet Plug --; Blood Coagulation: Clot Formation --; Anticlotting Systems --; Anticlotting Drugs --; ch. 12; Clinical Case Study --; Test Questions --; Quantitative and Thought Questions --; Answers to Physiological Inquiries --; ch. 13; Respiratory Physiology --; 13.1; Organization of the Respiratory System --; The Airways and Blood Vessels --; Site of Gas Exchange: The Alveoli --; Relation of the Lungs to the Thoracic (Chest) Wall --; 13.2; Ventilation and Lung Mechanics --; How is a Stable Balance Achieved Between Breaths? --; Inspiration --; Expiration --; Lung Compliance --; Airway Resistance --; Lung Volumes and Capacities --; Alveolar Ventilation; 13.3; Exchange of Gases in Alveoli and Tissues --; Partial Pressures of Gases --; Alveolar Gas Pressures --; Gas Exchange Between Alveoli and Blood --; Matching of Ventilation and Blood Flow in Alveoli --; Gas Exchange Between Tissues and Blood --; 13.4; Transport of Oxygen in Blood --; What is the Effect of Po2 on Hemoglobin Saturation? --; Effects of Blood Pco2' H+ Concentration, Temperature, and DPG Concentration on Hemoglobin Saturation --; 13.5; Transport of Carbon Dioxide in Blood --; 13.6; Transport of Hydrogen Ion Between Tissues and Lungs --; 13.7; Control of Respiration --; Neural Generation of Rhythmic Breathing --; Control of Ventilation by Po2' Pco2, and H+ Concentration --; Control of Ventilation During Exercise --; Other Ventilatory Responses --; 13.8; Hypoxia --; Why Do Ventilation-Perfusion Abnormalities Affect O2 More Than CO2? --; Emphysema --; Acclimatization to High Altitude --; 13.9; Nonrespiratory Functions of the Lungs --; ch. 13; Clinical Cast Study --; Test Questions --; Quantitative and Thought Questions --; Answers to Physiological Inquiries --; ch. 14; The Kidneys and Regulation of Water and Inorganic Ions --; Section A; Basic Principles of Renal Physiology; 14A.1; Renal Functions --; 14A.2; Structure of the Kidneys and Urinary System --; 14A.3; Basic Renal Processes --; Glomerular Filtration --; Tubular Reabsorption --; Tubular Secretion --; Metabolism by the Tubules --; Regulation of Membrane Channels and Transporters --; "Division of Labor" in the Tubules --; 14A.4; The Concept of Renal Clearance --; 14A.5; Micturition --; Incontinence --; Section B; Regulation of Ion and Water Balance --; 14B.1; Total-Body Balance of Sodium and Water --; 14B.2; Basic Renal Processes for Sodium and Water --; Primary Active Na+ Reabsorption --; Coupling of Water Reabsorption to Na+ Resbsorption --; Urine Concentration: The Countercurrent Multiplier System --; 14B.3; Renal Sodium Regulation --; Control of GFR --; Control of Na+ Reabsorption --; 14B.4; Renal Water Regulation --; Osmoreceptor Control of Vasopressin Secretion --; Baroreceptor Control of Vasopressin Secretion --; 14B.5; A Summary Example: The Response to Sweating --; 14B.6; Thirst and Salt Appetite --; 14B.7; Potassium Regulation --; Renal Regulation of K+ --; 14B.8; Renal Regulation of Calcium and Phosphate Ion; 14B.9; Summary -- Division of Labor --; 14B.10; Diuretics --; Section C; Hydrogen Ion Regulation --; 14C.1; Sources of Hydrogen Ion Gain or Loss --; 14C.2; Buffering of Hydrogen Ion in the Body --; 14C.3; Integration of Homeostatic Controls --; 14C.4; Renal Mechanisms --; HCO3 -- Handling --; Addition of New HCO3 -- to the Plasma --; Renal Responses to Acidosis and Alkalosis --; 14C.5; Classification of Acidosis and Alkalosis --; ch. 14; Clinical Case Study --; Hemodialysis, Peritoneal Dialysis, and Transplantation --; Test Questions --; Quantitative and Thought Questions --; Answers to Physiological Inquiries --; ch. 15; The Digestion and Absorption of Food --; 15.1; Overview: Functions of the Gastrointestinal Organs --; 15.2; Structure of the Gastrointestinal Tract Wall --; 15.3; Digestion and Absorption --; Carbohydrate --; Protein --; Fat --; Vitamins --; Water and Minerals --; 15.4; How Are Gastrointestinal Processes Regulated? --; Basic Principles --; Mouth, Pharynx, and Esophagus --; Stomach --; Pancreatic Secretions --; Bile Secretion and Liver Function --; Small Intestine --; Large Intestine; 15.5; Pathophysiology of the Gastrointestinal Tract --; Ulcers --; Vomiting --; Gallstones --; Lactose Intolerance --; Constipation and Diarrhea --; ch. 15; Clinical Case Study --; Test Questions --; Quantitative and Thought Questions --; Answers to Physiological Inquiries --; ch. 16; Regulation of Organic Metabolism and Energy Balance --; Section A; Control and Integration of Carbohydrate, Protein, and Fat Metabolism --; 16A.1; Events of the Absorptive and Postabsorptive States --; Absorptive State --; Postabsorptive State; Note continued; 16A.2; Endocrine and Neural Control of the Absorptive and Postabsorptive States --; Insulin --; Glucagon --; Epinephrine and Sympathetic Nerves to Liver and Adipose Tissue --; Cortisol --; Growth Hormone --; Summary of Hormonal Controls --; Hypoglycemia --; 16A.3; Energy Homeostasis in Exercise and Stress --; Section B; Regulation of Total-Body Energy Balance and Temperature --; 16B.1; Basic Concepts of Energy Expenditure --; Metabolic Rate --; 16B.2; Regulation of Total-Body Energy Stores --; Control of Food Intake --; Overweight and Obesity --; Eating Disorders: Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa --; What Should We Eat? --; 16B.3; Regulation of Body Temperature --; Mechanisms of Heat Loss or Gain --; Temperature-Regulating Reflexes --; Temperature Acclimatization --; 16B.4; Fever and Hyperthermia --; ch. 16; Clinical Case Study --; Test Questions --; Quantitative and Thought Questions --; Answers to Physiological Inquiries; Ch. 17; Reproduction --; Section A; Overview of Terminology and General Principles --; Section B; Gametogenesis, Sex Determination, and Sex Differentiation --; 17B.1; Gametogenesis --; 17B.2; Sex Determination --; 17B.3; Sex Differentiation --; Differentiation of the Gonads --; Differentiation of Internal and External Genitalia --; 17B.4; Sexual Differentiation of the Central Nervous System and Homosexuality --; Section C; Male Reproductive Physiology --; 17C.1; Anatomy --; 17C.2; Spermatogenesis --; 17C.3; Transport of Sperm --; Erection --; Ejaculation --; 17C.4; Hormonal Control of Male Reproductive Functions --; Control of the Testes --; Testosterone --; 17C.5; Puberty --; Secondary Sex Characteristics and Growth --; Behavior --; 17C.6; Hypogonadism --; 17C.7; Andropause --; Section D; Female Reproductive Physiology --; 17D.1; Anatomy --; 17D.2; Ovarian Functions --; Oogenesis --; Follicle Growth --; Formation of the Corpus Luteum --; Sites of Synthesis of Ovarian Hormones; 17D.3; Control of Ovarian Function --; Follicle Development and Estrogen Synthesis During the Early and Middle Follicular Phases --; LH Surge and Ovulation --; The Luteal Phase --; 17D.4; Uterine Changes in the Menstrual Cycle --; 17D.5; Other Effects of Estrogen and Progesterone --; 17D.6; Androgens in Women --; 17D.7; Puberty --; 17D.8; Female Sexual Response --; 17D.9; Pregnancy --; Egg Transport --; Intercourse, Sperm Transport, and Capacitation --; Fertilization --; Early Development, Implantation, and Placentation --; Hormonal and Other Changes During Pregnancy --; Parturition --; Lactation --; Contraception --; Infertility --; 17D.10; Menopause --; ch. 17; Clinical Case Study --; Test Questions --; Quantitative and Thought Questions --; Answers to Physiological Inquiries --; ch. 18; The Immune System --; 18.1; Cells and Secretions Mediating Immune Defenses --; Immune Cells --; Cytokines --; 18.2; Innate Immune Responses --; Defenses at Body Surfaces --; Inflammation --; Interferons --; Toll-Like Receptors; 18.3; Adaptive Immune Responses --; Overview --; Lymphoid Organs and Lymphocyte Origins --; Functions of B Cells and T Cells --; Lymphocyte Receptors --; Antigen Presentation to T Cells --; NK Cells --; Development of Immune Tolerance --; Antibody-Mediated Immune Responses: Defenses Against Bacteria, Extracellular Viruses, and Toxins --; Defenses Against Virus-Infected Cells and Cancer Cells --; 18.4; Systemic Manifestations of Infection --; 18.5; Factors That Alter the Resistance to Infection --; Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) --; Antibiotics --; 18.6; Harmful Immune Responses --; Graft Rejection --; Transfusion Reactions --; Allergy (Hypersensitivity) --; Autoimmune Disease --; Excessive Inflammatory Responses --; ch. 18; Clinical Case Study --; Test Questions --; Quantitative and Thought Questions --; Answers to Physiological Inquiries --; ch. 19; Medical Physiology: Integration Using Clinical Cases --; Case 19-1; A Woman with Palpitations and Heat Intolerance --; 19-1.1; Case Presentation --; 19-1.2; Physical Examination; 19-1.3; Laboratory Tests --; 19-1.4; Diagnosis --; 19-1.5; Physiological Integration --; 19-1.6; Therapy --; Case 19-2; A Man with Chest Pain After a Long Airplane Flight --; 19-2.1; Case Presentation --; 19-2.2; Physical Examination --; 19-2.3; Laboratory Tests --; 19-2.4; Diagnosis --; 19-2.5; Physiological Integration --; 19-2.6; Therapy --; Case 19-3; A Man with Abdominal Pain, Fever, and Circulatory Failure --; 19-3.1; Case Presentation --; 19-3.2; Physical Examination --; 19-3.3; Laboratory Tests --; 19-3.4; Diagnosis --; 19-3.5; Physiological Integration --; 19-3.6; Therapy --; Case 19-4; A College Student with Nausea, Flushing, and Sweating --; 19-4.1; Case Presentation --; 19-4.2; Physical Examination --; 19-4.3; Laboratory Tests --; 19-4.4; Diagnosis --; 19-4.5; 19-4.6; Therapy
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