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Vander's human physiology : the mechanisms of body function / Eric P. Widmaier, Hershel Raff, Kevin T. Strang.

By: Widmaier, Eric P
Contributor(s): Raff, Hershel, 1953- | Strang, Kevin T | Vander, Arthur J, 1933-. Human physiology
Material type: TextTextPublisher: New York : McGraw-Hill, c2011Edition: 12th ed. / Eric P. Widmaier, Hershel Raff, Kevin T. StrangDescription: p;686 ill. (chiefly col.) ; 29 cmISBN: 9780077350017 (hbk.); 0073378100 (hard copy : alk. paper); 9780073378107 (hard copy : alk. paper); 0077350014 (hbk.); 9780071222150 (pbk.); 0071222154 (pbk.)Other title: Human physiologySubject(s): Human physiology -- TextbooksDDC classification: 612
Contents:
Homeostasis: a framework for human physiology -- Chemical composition of the body -- Cellular structure, proteins, and metabolism -- Movement of molecules across cell membranes -- Control of cells by chemical messengers -- Neuronal signaling and the structure of the nervous system -- Sensory physiology -- Consciousness, the brain, and behavior -- Muscle -- Control of Body Movement -- The endocrine system -- Cardiovascular physiology -- Respiratory physiology -- The kidneys and regulation of water and inorganic ions -- The digestion and absorption of food -- Regulation of organic metabolism and energy balance -- Reproduction -- The immune system -- Medical physiology: integration using clinical cases.
Homeostasis: A Framework for Human Physiology -- The Scope of Human Physiology -- How Is the Body Organized? -- Muscle Cells and Tissue -- Neurons and Nervous Tissue -- Epithelial Cells and Epithelial Tissue -- Connective-Tissue Cells and Connective Tissue -- Organs and Organ Systems -- Body Fluid Compartments -- Homeostasis: A Defining Feature of Physiology -- General Characteristics of Homeostatic Control Systems -- Feedback Systems -- Resetting of Set Points -- Feedforward Regulation -- Components of Homeostatic Control Systems -- Reflexes -- Local Homeostatic Responses -- Intercellular Chemical Messengers -- Processes Related to Homeostasis -- Adaptation and Acclimatization -- Biological Rhythms -- Balance in the Homeostasis of Chemical Substances in the Body -- Clinical Case Study -- Test Questions -- Quantitative and Thought Questions -- Answers to Physiological Inquiries -- Chemical Composition of the Body.
Atoms -- Components of Atoms -- Atomic Number -- Atomic Weight -- Ions -- Atomic Composition of the Body -- Molecules -- Covalent Chemical Bonds -- Hydrogen Bonds -- Molecular Shape -- Ionic Molecules -- Free Radicals -- Solutions -- Water -- Molecular Solubility -- Concentration -- Hydrogen Ions and Acidity -- Classes of Organic Molecules -- Carbohydrates -- Lipids -- Proteins -- Nucleic Acids -- ATP -- Clinical Case Study -- Test Questions -- Answers to Physiological Inquiries -- Cellular Structure, Proteins, and Metabolism -- Cell Structure -- Microscopic Observations of Cells -- Membranes -- Membrane Structure -- Membrane Junctions -- Cell Organelles -- Nucleus -- Ribosomes -- Endoplasmic Reticulum -- Golgi Apparatus -- Endosomes -- Mitochondria -- Lysosomes -- Peroxisomes -- Vaults -- Cytoskeleton -- Proteins -- Genetic Code -- Protein Synthesis -- Transcription: mRNA Synthesis -- Translation: Polypeptide Synthesis -- Regulation of Protein Synthesis -- Mutation.
Protein Degradation -- Protein Secretion -- Protein-Binding Sites -- t
Movement of Molecules Across Cell Membranes -- Diffusion -- Magnitude and Direction of Diffusion -- Diffusion Rate Versus Distance -- Diffusion Through Membranes -- Mediated-Transport Systems -- Facilitated Diffusion -- Active Transport -- Osmosis -- Extracellular Osmolarity and Cell Volume -- Endocytosis and Exocytosis -- Endocytosis -- Exocytosis -- Epithelial Transport -- Clinical Case Study -- Test Questions -- Quantitative and Thought Questions -- Answers to Physiological Inquiries -- Control of Cells by Chemical Messengers -- Receptors -- Regulation of Receptors -- Signal Transduction Pathways -- Pathways Initiated by Lipid-Soluble Messengers -- Pathways Initiated by Water-Soluble Messengers -- Plasma Membrane Receptors and Gene Transcription -- Cessation of Activity in Signal Transduction Pathways -- Clinical Case Study -- Test Questions -- Quantitative and Thought Questions -- Answers to Physiological Inquiries -- Neuronal Signaling and the Structure of the Nervous System -- Neural Tissue.
Structure and Maintenance of Neurons -- Functional Classes of Neurons -- Glial Cells -- Neural Growth and Regeneration -- Membrane Potentials -- Basic Principles of Electricity -- The Resting Membrane Potential -- Graded Potentials and Action Potentials -- Graded Potentials -- Action Potentials -- Synapses -- Functional Anatomy of Synapses -- t
Peripheral Nervous System -- Autonomic Nervous System -- Blood Supply, Blood-Brain Barrier, and Cerebrospinal Fluid -- Clinical Case Study -- Test Questions -- Quantitative and Thought Questions -- Answers to Physiological Inquiries -- Sensory Physiology -- General Principles -- Sensory Receptors -- The Receptor Potential -- Primary Sensory Coding -- Stimulus Type -- Stimulus Intensity -- Stimulus Location -- Central Control of Afferent Information -- Ascending Neural Pathways in Sensory Systems -- Association Cortex and Perceptual Processing -- Factors That Affect Perception -- Specific Sensory Systems -- Somatic Sensation -- Touch and Pressure -- Sense of Posture and Movement -- Temperature -- Pain -- Neural Pathways of the Somatosensory System -- Vision -- Light -- Overview of Eye Anatomy -- The Optics of Vision -- Photoreceptor Cells and Phototransduction -- Neural Pathways of Vision -- Color Vision -- Color Blindness -- Eye Movement.
Hearing -- Sound -- Sound Transmission in the Ear -- Hair Cells of the Organ of Corti -- Neural Pathways in Hearing -- Vestibular System -- The Semicircular Canals -- The Utricle and Saccule -- Vestibular Information and Pathways -- Chemical Senses -- Taste -- Smell -- Clinical Case Study -- Test Questions -- Quantitative and Thought Questions -- Answers to Physiological Inquiries -- Consciousness, the Brain, and Behavior -- States of Consciousness -- Electroencephalogram -- The Waking State -- Sleep -- Neural Substrates of States of Consciousness -- Coma and Brain Death -- Conscious Experiences -- Selective Attention -- Neural Mechanisms of Conscious Experiences -- Motivation and Emotion -- Motivation -- Emotion -- Altered States of Consciousness -- Schizophrenia -- The Mood Disorders: Depressions and Bipolar Disorders -- Psychoactive Substances, Dependences, and Tolerance -- Learning and Memory -- Memory -- The Neural Basis of Learning and Memory -- Cerebral Dominance and Language.
Clinical Case Study -- Test Questions -- Quantitative and Thought Questions -- Answers to Physiological Inquiries -- Muscle -- Skeletal Muscle -- Structure -- Molecular Mechanisms of Skeletal Muscle Contraction -- Sliding-Filament Mechanism -- Roles of Troponin, Tropomyosin, and Ca2+ in Contraction -- Excitation-Contraction Coupling -- Membrane Excitation: The Neuromuscular Junction -- Mechanics of Single-Fiber Contraction -- Twitch Contractions -- Load-Velocity Relation -- Length-Tension Relation -- Skeletal Muscle Energy Metabolism -- Muscle Fatigue -- Types of Skeletal Muscle Fibers -- Whole-Muscle Contraction -- Control of Muscle Tension -- Control of Shortening Velocity -- Muscle Adaptation to Exercise -- Lever Action of Muscles and Bones -- Skeletal Muscle Disorders -- Muscle Cramps -- Hypocalcemic Tetany -- Muscular Dystrophy -- Myasthenia Gravis -- Smooth and Cardiac Muscle -- Structure of Smooth Muscle.
Smooth Muscle Contraction and Its Control -- Cross-Bridge Activation -- Sources of Cytosolic Ca2+ -- Membrane Activation -- Types of Smooth Muscle -- Cardiac Muscle -- Cellular Structure of Cardiac Muscle -- Excitation-Contraction Coupling in Cardiac Muscle -- Clinical Case Study -- Test Questions -- Quantitative and Thought Questions -- Answers to Physiological Inquiries -- Control of Body Movement -- Motor Control Hierarchy -- Voluntary and Involuntary Actions -- Local Control of Motor Neurons -- Interneurons -- Local Afferent Input -- The Brain Motor Centers and the Descending Pathways They Control -- Cerebral Cortex -- Subcortical and Brainstem Nuclei -- Cerebellum -- Descending Pathways.
Muscle Tone -- Abnormal Muscle Tone -- Maintenance of Upright Posture and Balance -- Walking -- Clinical Case Study -- Test Questions -- Quantitative and Thought Questions -- Answers to Physiological Inquiries -- The Endocrine System -- Principles of Hormonal Control Systems -- Hormone Structures and Synthesis -- Amine Hormones -- Peptide and Protein Hormones -- Steroid Hormones -- Hormone Transport in the Blood -- Hormone Metabolism and Excretion -- Mechanisms of Hormone Action -- Hormone Receptors -- Events Elicited by Hormone-Receptor Binding -- Pharmacological Effects of Hormones -- Inputs That Control Hormone Secretion -- Control by Plasma Concentrations of Mineral Ions or Organic Nutrients -- Control by Neurons -- Control by Other Hormones -- Types of Endocrine Disorders -- Hyposecretion -- Hypersecretion -- Hyporesponsiveness and Hyperresponsiveness.
The Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland -- Control Systems Involving the Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland -- Posterior Pituitary Gland Hormones -- Anterior Pituitary Gland Hormones and the Hypothalamus -- The Thyroid Gland -- Synthesis of Thyroid Hormones -- Control of Thyroid Function -- Actions of Thyroid Hormones -- Metabolic Actions -- Permissive Actions -- Growth and Development -- Hypothyroidism and Hyperthyroidism -- The Endocrine Response to Stress -- Physiological Functions of Cortisol -- Functions of Cortisol in Stress -- Adrenal Insufficiency and Cushing's Syndrome -- Other Hormones Released During Stress -- Psychological Stress and Disease -- Endocrine Control of Growth -- Bone Growth -- Environmental Factors Influencing Growth -- Hormonal Influences on Growth -- Growth Hormone and Insulin-Like Growth Factors -- Thyroid Hormones -- Insulin -- Sex Hormones -- Cortisol -- Endocrine Control of Ca2+ Homeostasis.
Effector Sites for Ca2+ Homeostasis -- Bone -- Kidneys -- Gastrointestinal Tract -- Hormonal Controls -- Parathyroid Hormone -- 1, 25-Dihydroxyvitamin D -- Calcitonin -- Metabolic Bone Diseases -- Hypercalcemia -- Hypocalcemia -- Clinical Case Study -- Test Questions -- Quantitative and Thought Questions -- Answers to Physiological Inquiries -- Cardiovascular Physiology -- Overall Design of the Circulatory System -- System Overview -- Pressure, Flow, and Resistance -- The Heart -- Anatomy -- Cardiac Muscle -- Heartbeat Coordination -- Sequence of Excitation -- Cardiac Action Potentials and Excitation of the SA Node -- The Electrocardiogram -- Excitation-Contraction Coupling -- Refractory Period of the Heart -- Mechanical Events of the Cardiac Cycle -- Mid-Diastole to Late Diastole -- Systole -- Early Diastole -- Pulmonary Circulation Pressures -- Heart Sounds -- The Cardiac Output -- Control of Heart Rate -- Control of Stroke Volume -- Measurement of Cardiac Function.
The Vascular System -- Arteries -- Arterial Blood Pressure -- Measurement of Systemic Arterial Pressure -- Arterioles -- Local Controls -- Extrinsic Controls -- Endothelial Cells and Vascular Smooth Muscle -- Arteriolar Control in Specific Organs -- Capillaries -- Anatomy of the Capillary Network -- Velocity of Capillary Blood Flow -- Diffusion Across the Capillary Wall: Exchanges of Nutrients and Metabolic End Products -- Bulk Flow Across the Capillary Wall: Distribution of the Extracellular Fluid -- Veins -- Determinants of Venous Pressure -- The Lymphatic System -- Mechanism of Lymph Flow -- Integration of Cardiovascular Function: Regulation of Systemic Arterial Pressure -- Baroreceptor Reflexes -- Arterial Baroreceptors -- The Medullary Cardiovascular Center -- Operation of the Arterial Baroreceptor Reflex -- Other Baroreceptors -- Blood Volume and Long-Term Regulation of Arterial Pressure -- Other Cardiovascular Reflexes and Responses -- Cardiovascular Patterns in Health and Disease.
Hemorrhage and Other Causes of Hypotension -- Shock -- The Upright Posture -- Exercise -- Maximal Oxygen Consumption and Training -- Hypertension -- Heart Failure -- Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy -- Coronary Artery Disease and Heart Attacks -- Blood and Hemostasis -- Plasma -- The Blood Cells -- Erythrocytes -- Leukocytes -- Platelets -- Regulation of Blood Cell Production -- Hemostasis: The Prevention of Blood Loss -- Formation of a Platelet Plug -- Blood Coagulation: Clot Formation -- Anticlotting Systems -- Anticlotting Drugs -- Clinical Case Study -- Test Questions -- Quantitative and Thought Questions -- Answers to Physiological Inquiries -- Respiratory Physiology -- Organization of the Respiratory System -- The Airways and Blood Vessels -- Site of Gas Exchange: The Alveoli -- Relation of the Lungs to the Thoracic (Chest) Wall -- Ventilation and Lung Mechanics -- How is a Stable Balance Achieved Between Breaths? -- Inspiration -- Expiration -- Lung Compliance -- Airway Resistance -- Lung Volumes and Capacities -- Alveolar Ventilation.
Exchange of Gases in Alveoli and Tissues -- Partial Pressures of Gases -- Alveolar Gas Pressures -- Gas Exchange Between Alveoli and Blood -- Matching of Ventilation and Blood Flow in Alveoli -- Gas Exchange Between Tissues and Blood -- Transport of Oxygen in Blood -- What is the Effect of Po2 on Hemoglobin Saturation? -- Effects of Blood Pco2' H+ Concentration, Temperature, and DPG Concentration on Hemoglobin Saturation -- Transport of Carbon Dioxide in Blood -- Transport of Hydrogen Ion Between Tissues and Lungs -- Control of Respiration -- Neural Generation of Rhythmic Breathing -- Control of Ventilation by Po2' Pco2, and H+ Concentration -- Control of Ventilation During Exercise -- Other Ventilatory Responses -- Hypoxia -- Why Do Ventilation-Perfusion Abnormalities Affect O2 More Than CO2? -- Emphysema -- Acclimatization to High Altitude -- Nonrespiratory Functions of the Lungs -- Clinical Cast Study -- Test Questions -- Quantitative and Thought Questions -- Answers to Physiological Inquiries -- The Kidneys and Regulation of Water and Inorganic Ions -- Basic Principles of Renal Physiology.
Renal Functions -- Structure of the Kidneys and Urinary System -- Basic Renal Processes -- Glomerular Filtration -- Tubular Reabsorption -- Tubular Secretion -- Metabolism by the Tubules -- Regulation of Membrane Channels and Transporters -- "Division of Labor" in the Tubules -- The Concept of Renal Clearance -- Micturition -- Incontinence -- Regulation of Ion and Water Balance -- Total-Body Balance of Sodium and Water -- Basic Renal Processes for Sodium and Water -- Primary Active Na+ Reabsorption -- Coupling of Water Reabsorption to Na+ Resbsorption -- Urine Concentration: The Countercurrent Multiplier System -- Renal Sodium Regulation -- Control of GFR -- Control of Na+ Reabsorption -- Renal Water Regulation -- Osmoreceptor Control of Vasopressin Secretion -- Baroreceptor Control of Vasopressin Secretion -- A Summary Example: The Response to Sweating -- Thirst and Salt Appetite -- Potassium Regulation -- Renal Regulation of K+ -- Renal Regulation of Calcium and Phosphate Ion.
Summary -- Division of Labor -- Diuretics -- Hydrogen Ion Regulation -- Sources of Hydrogen Ion Gain or Loss -- Buffering of Hydrogen Ion in the Body -- Integration of Homeostatic Controls -- Renal Mechanisms -- HCO3 -- Handling -- Addition of New HCO3 -- to the Plasma -- Renal Responses to Acidosis and Alkalosis -- Classification of Acidosis and Alkalosis -- Clinical Case Study -- Hemodialysis, Peritoneal Dialysis, and Transplantation -- Test Questions -- Quantitative and Thought Questions -- Answers to Physiological Inquiries -- The Digestion and Absorption of Food -- Overview: Functions of the Gastrointestinal Organs -- Structure of the Gastrointestinal Tract Wall -- Digestion and Absorption -- Carbohydrate -- Protein -- Fat -- Vitamins -- Water and Minerals -- How Are Gastrointestinal Processes Regulated? -- Basic Principles -- Mouth, Pharynx, and Esophagus -- Stomach -- Pancreatic Secretions -- Bile Secretion and Liver Function -- Small Intestine -- Large Intestine.
Pathophysiology of the Gastrointestinal Tract -- Ulcers -- Vomiting -- Gallstones -- Lactose Intolerance -- Constipation and Diarrhea -- Clinical Case Study -- Test Questions -- Quantitative and Thought Questions -- Answers to Physiological Inquiries -- Regulation of Organic Metabolism and Energy Balance -- Control and Integration of Carbohydrate, Protein, and Fat Metabolism -- Events of the Absorptive and Postabsorptive States -- Absorptive State -- Postabsorptive State.
Endocrine and Neural Control of the Absorptive and Postabsorptive States -- Insulin -- Glucagon -- Epinephrine and Sympathetic Nerves to Liver and Adipose Tissue -- Cortisol -- Growth Hormone -- Summary of Hormonal Controls -- Hypoglycemia -- Energy Homeostasis in Exercise and Stress -- Regulation of Total-Body Energy Balance and Temperature -- Basic Concepts of Energy Expenditure -- Metabolic Rate -- Regulation of Total-Body Energy Stores -- Control of Food Intake -- Overweight and Obesity -- Eating Disorders: Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa -- What Should We Eat? -- Regulation of Body Temperature -- Mechanisms of Heat Loss or Gain -- Temperature-Regulating Reflexes -- Temperature Acclimatization -- Fever and Hyperthermia -- Clinical Case Study -- Test Questions -- Quantitative and Thought Questions -- Answers to Physiological Inquiries.
Reproduction -- Overview of Terminology and General Principles -- Gametogenesis, Sex Determination, and Sex Differentiation -- Gametogenesis -- Sex Determination -- Sex Differentiation -- Differentiation of the Gonads -- Differentiation of Internal and External Genitalia -- Sexual Differentiation of the Central Nervous System and Homosexuality -- Male Reproductive Physiology -- Anatomy -- Spermatogenesis -- Transport of Sperm -- Erection -- Ejaculation -- Hormonal Control of Male Reproductive Functions -- Control of the Testes -- Testosterone -- Puberty -- Secondary Sex Characteristics and Growth -- Behavior -- Hypogonadism -- Andropause -- Female Reproductive Physiology -- Anatomy -- Ovarian Functions -- Oogenesis -- Follicle Growth -- Formation of the Corpus Luteum -- Sites of Synthesis of Ovarian Hormones.
Control of Ovarian Function -- Follicle Development and Estrogen Synthesis During the Early and Middle Follicular Phases -- LH Surge and Ovulation -- The Luteal Phase -- Uterine Changes in the Menstrual Cycle -- Other Effects of Estrogen and Progesterone -- Androgens in Women -- Puberty -- Female Sexual Response -- Pregnancy -- Egg Transport -- Intercourse, Sperm Transport, and Capacitation -- Fertilization -- Early Development, Implantation, and Placentation -- Hormonal and Other Changes During Pregnancy -- Parturition -- Lactation -- Contraception -- Infertility -- Menopause -- Clinical Case Study -- Test Questions -- Quantitative and Thought Questions -- Answers to Physiological Inquiries -- The Immune System -- Cells and Secretions Mediating Immune Defenses -- Immune Cells -- Cytokines -- Innate Immune Responses -- Defenses at Body Surfaces -- Inflammation -- Interferons -- Toll-Like Receptors.
Adaptive Immune Responses -- Overview -- Lymphoid Organs and Lymphocyte Origins -- Functions of B Cells and T Cells -- Lymphocyte Receptors -- Antigen Presentation to T Cells -- NK Cells -- Development of Immune Tolerance -- Antibody-Mediated Immune Responses: Defenses Against Bacteria, Extracellular Viruses, and Toxins -- Defenses Against Virus-Infected Cells and Cancer Cells -- Systemic Manifestations of Infection -- Factors That Alter the Resistance to Infection -- Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) -- Antibiotics -- Harmful Immune Responses -- Graft Rejection -- Transfusion Reactions -- Allergy (Hypersensitivity) -- Autoimmune Disease -- Excessive Inflammatory Responses -- Clinical Case Study -- Test Questions -- Quantitative and Thought Questions -- Answers to Physiological Inquiries -- Medical Physiology: Integration Using Clinical Cases -- A Woman with Palpitations and Heat Intolerance -- Case Presentation -- Physical Examination.
Laboratory Tests -- Diagnosis -- Physiological Integration -- Therapy -- A Man with Chest Pain After a Long Airplane Flight -- Case Presentation -- Physical Examination -- Laboratory Tests -- Diagnosis -- Physiological Integration -- Therapy -- A Man with Abdominal Pain, Fever, and Circulatory Failure -- Case Presentation -- Physical Examination -- Laboratory Tests -- Diagnosis -- Physiological Integration -- Therapy -- A College Student with Nausea, Flushing, and Sweating -- Case Presentation -- Physical Examination -- Laboratory Tests -- Diagnosis -- Therapy.
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Includes index.

Homeostasis: a framework for human physiology -- Chemical composition of the body -- Cellular structure, proteins, and metabolism -- Movement of molecules across cell membranes -- Control of cells by chemical messengers -- Neuronal signaling and the structure of the nervous system -- Sensory physiology -- Consciousness, the brain, and behavior -- Muscle -- Control of Body Movement -- The endocrine system -- Cardiovascular physiology -- Respiratory physiology -- The kidneys and regulation of water and inorganic ions -- The digestion and absorption of food -- Regulation of organic metabolism and energy balance -- Reproduction -- The immune system -- Medical physiology: integration using clinical cases.

Machine generated contents note: ch. 1 Homeostasis: A Framework for Human Physiology -- 1.1. The Scope of Human Physiology -- 1.2. How Is the Body Organized? -- Muscle Cells and Tissue -- Neurons and Nervous Tissue -- Epithelial Cells and Epithelial Tissue -- Connective-Tissue Cells and Connective Tissue -- Organs and Organ Systems -- 1.3. Body Fluid Compartments -- 1.4. Homeostasis: A Defining Feature of Physiology -- 1.5. General Characteristics of Homeostatic Control Systems -- Feedback Systems -- Resetting of Set Points -- Feedforward Regulation -- 1.6. Components of Homeostatic Control Systems -- Reflexes -- Local Homeostatic Responses -- 1.7. Intercellular Chemical Messengers -- 1.8. Processes Related to Homeostasis -- Adaptation and Acclimatization -- Biological Rhythms -- Balance in the Homeostasis of Chemical Substances in the Body -- ch. 1 Clinical Case Study -- Test Questions -- Quantitative and Thought Questions -- Answers to Physiological Inquiries -- ch. 2 Chemical Composition of the Body.

2.1. Atoms -- Components of Atoms -- Atomic Number -- Atomic Weight -- Ions -- Atomic Composition of the Body -- 2.2. Molecules -- Covalent Chemical Bonds -- Hydrogen Bonds -- Molecular Shape -- Ionic Molecules -- Free Radicals -- 2.3. Solutions -- Water -- Molecular Solubility -- Concentration -- Hydrogen Ions and Acidity -- 2.4. Classes of Organic Molecules -- Carbohydrates -- Lipids -- Proteins -- Nucleic Acids -- ATP -- ch. 2 Clinical Case Study -- Test Questions -- Answers to Physiological Inquiries -- ch. 3 Cellular Structure, Proteins, and Metabolism -- Section A Cell Structure -- 3A.1. Microscopic Observations of Cells -- 3A.2. Membranes -- Membrane Structure -- Membrane Junctions -- 3A.3. Cell Organelles -- Nucleus -- Ribosomes -- Endoplasmic Reticulum -- Golgi Apparatus -- Endosomes -- Mitochondria -- Lysosomes -- Peroxisomes -- Vaults -- Cytoskeleton -- Section B Proteins -- 3B.1. Genetic Code -- 3B.2. Protein Synthesis -- Transcription: mRNA Synthesis -- Translation: Polypeptide Synthesis -- Regulation of Protein Synthesis -- Mutation.

3B.3. Protein Degradation -- 3B.4. Protein Secretion -- Section C Protein-Binding Sites -- 3C.1. t

Ch. 4 Movement of Molecules Across Cell Membranes -- 4.1. Diffusion -- Magnitude and Direction of Diffusion -- Diffusion Rate Versus Distance -- Diffusion Through Membranes -- 4.2. Mediated-Transport Systems -- Facilitated Diffusion -- Active Transport -- 4.3. Osmosis -- Extracellular Osmolarity and Cell Volume -- 4.4. Endocytosis and Exocytosis -- Endocytosis -- Exocytosis -- 4.5. Epithelial Transport -- ch. 4 Clinical Case Study -- Test Questions -- Quantitative and Thought Questions -- Answers to Physiological Inquiries -- ch. 5 Control of Cells by Chemical Messengers -- 5.1. Receptors -- Regulation of Receptors -- 5.2. Signal Transduction Pathways -- Pathways Initiated by Lipid-Soluble Messengers -- Pathways Initiated by Water-Soluble Messengers -- Plasma Membrane Receptors and Gene Transcription -- Cessation of Activity in Signal Transduction Pathways -- ch. 5 Clinical Case Study -- Test Questions -- Quantitative and Thought Questions -- Answers to Physiological Inquiries -- ch. 6 Neuronal Signaling and the Structure of the Nervous System -- Section A Neural Tissue.

6A.1. Structure and Maintenance of Neurons -- 6A.2. Functional Classes of Neurons -- 6A.3. Glial Cells -- 6A.4. Neural Growth and Regeneration -- Section B Membrane Potentials -- 6B.1. Basic Principles of Electricity -- 6B.2. The Resting Membrane Potential -- 6B.3. Graded Potentials and Action Potentials -- Graded Potentials -- Action Potentials -- Section C Synapses -- 6C.1. Functional Anatomy of Synapses -- 6C.2. t

6D.3. Peripheral Nervous System -- 6D.4. Autonomic Nervous System -- 6D.5. Blood Supply, Blood-Brain Barrier, and Cerebrospinal Fluid -- ch. 6 Clinical Case Study -- Test Questions -- Quantitative and Thought Questions -- Answers to Physiological Inquiries -- ch. 7 Sensory Physiology -- Section A General Principles -- 7A.1. Sensory Receptors -- The Receptor Potential -- 7A.2. Primary Sensory Coding -- Stimulus Type -- Stimulus Intensity -- Stimulus Location -- Central Control of Afferent Information -- 7A.3. Ascending Neural Pathways in Sensory Systems -- 7A.4. Association Cortex and Perceptual Processing -- Factors That Affect Perception -- Section B Specific Sensory Systems -- 7B.1. Somatic Sensation -- Touch and Pressure -- Sense of Posture and Movement -- Temperature -- Pain -- Neural Pathways of the Somatosensory System -- 7B.2. Vision -- Light -- Overview of Eye Anatomy -- The Optics of Vision -- Photoreceptor Cells and Phototransduction -- Neural Pathways of Vision -- Color Vision -- Color Blindness -- Eye Movement.

7B.3. Hearing -- Sound -- Sound Transmission in the Ear -- Hair Cells of the Organ of Corti -- Neural Pathways in Hearing -- 7B.4. Vestibular System -- The Semicircular Canals -- The Utricle and Saccule -- Vestibular Information and Pathways -- 7B.5. Chemical Senses -- Taste -- Smell -- ch. 7 Clinical Case Study -- Test Questions -- Quantitative and Thought Questions -- Answers to Physiological Inquiries -- ch. 8 Consciousness, the Brain, and Behavior -- 8.1. States of Consciousness -- Electroencephalogram -- The Waking State -- Sleep -- Neural Substrates of States of Consciousness -- Coma and Brain Death -- 8.2. Conscious Experiences -- Selective Attention -- Neural Mechanisms of Conscious Experiences -- 8.3. Motivation and Emotion -- Motivation -- Emotion -- 8.4. Altered States of Consciousness -- Schizophrenia -- The Mood Disorders: Depressions and Bipolar Disorders -- Psychoactive Substances, Dependences, and Tolerance -- 8.5. Learning and Memory -- Memory -- The Neural Basis of Learning and Memory -- 8.6. Cerebral Dominance and Language.

Ch. 8 Clinical Case Study -- Test Questions -- Quantitative and Thought Questions -- Answers to Physiological Inquiries -- ch. 9 Muscle -- Section A Skeletal Muscle -- 9A.1. Structure -- 9A.2. Molecular Mechanisms of Skeletal Muscle Contraction -- Sliding-Filament Mechanism -- Roles of Troponin, Tropomyosin, and Ca2+ in Contraction -- Excitation-Contraction Coupling -- Membrane Excitation: The Neuromuscular Junction -- 9A.3. Mechanics of Single-Fiber Contraction -- Twitch Contractions -- Load-Velocity Relation -- Length-Tension Relation -- 9A.4. Skeletal Muscle Energy Metabolism -- Muscle Fatigue -- 9A.5. Types of Skeletal Muscle Fibers -- 9A.6. Whole-Muscle Contraction -- Control of Muscle Tension -- Control of Shortening Velocity -- Muscle Adaptation to Exercise -- Lever Action of Muscles and Bones -- 9A.7. Skeletal Muscle Disorders -- Muscle Cramps -- Hypocalcemic Tetany -- Muscular Dystrophy -- Myasthenia Gravis -- Section B Smooth and Cardiac Muscle -- 9B.1. Structure of Smooth Muscle.

9B.2. Smooth Muscle Contraction and Its Control -- Cross-Bridge Activation -- Sources of Cytosolic Ca2+ -- Membrane Activation -- Types of Smooth Muscle -- 9B.3. Cardiac Muscle -- Cellular Structure of Cardiac Muscle -- Excitation-Contraction Coupling in Cardiac Muscle -- ch. 9 Clinical Case Study -- Test Questions -- Quantitative and Thought Questions -- Answers to Physiological Inquiries -- ch. 10 Control of Body Movement -- 10.1. Motor Control Hierarchy -- Voluntary and Involuntary Actions -- 10.2. Local Control of Motor Neurons -- Interneurons -- Local Afferent Input -- 10.3. The Brain Motor Centers and the Descending Pathways They Control -- Cerebral Cortex -- Subcortical and Brainstem Nuclei -- Cerebellum -- Descending Pathways.

Note continued: 10.4. Muscle Tone -- Abnormal Muscle Tone -- 10.5. Maintenance of Upright Posture and Balance -- 10.6. Walking -- ch. 10 Clinical Case Study -- Test Questions -- Quantitative and Thought Questions -- Answers to Physiological Inquiries -- ch. 11 The Endocrine System -- Section A Principles of Hormonal Control Systems -- 11A.1. Hormone Structures and Synthesis -- Amine Hormones -- Peptide and Protein Hormones -- Steroid Hormones -- 11A.2. Hormone Transport in the Blood -- 11A.3. Hormone Metabolism and Excretion -- 11A.4. Mechanisms of Hormone Action -- Hormone Receptors -- Events Elicited by Hormone-Receptor Binding -- Pharmacological Effects of Hormones -- 11A.5. Inputs That Control Hormone Secretion -- Control by Plasma Concentrations of Mineral Ions or Organic Nutrients -- Control by Neurons -- Control by Other Hormones -- 11A.6. Types of Endocrine Disorders -- Hyposecretion -- Hypersecretion -- Hyporesponsiveness and Hyperresponsiveness.

Section B The Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland -- 11B.1. Control Systems Involving the Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland -- Posterior Pituitary Gland Hormones -- Anterior Pituitary Gland Hormones and the Hypothalamus -- Section C The Thyroid Gland -- 11C.1. Synthesis of Thyroid Hormones -- 11C.2. Control of Thyroid Function -- 11C.3. Actions of Thyroid Hormones -- Metabolic Actions -- Permissive Actions -- Growth and Development -- 11C.4. Hypothyroidism and Hyperthyroidism -- Section D The Endocrine Response to Stress -- 11D.1. Physiological Functions of Cortisol -- 11D.2. Functions of Cortisol in Stress -- 11D.3. Adrenal Insufficiency and Cushing's Syndrome -- 11D.4. Other Hormones Released During Stress -- 11D.5. Psychological Stress and Disease -- Section E Endocrine Control of Growth -- 11E.1. Bone Growth -- 11E.2. Environmental Factors Influencing Growth -- 11E.3. Hormonal Influences on Growth -- Growth Hormone and Insulin-Like Growth Factors -- Thyroid Hormones -- Insulin -- Sex Hormones -- Cortisol -- Section F Endocrine Control of Ca2+ Homeostasis.

11F.1. Effector Sites for Ca2+ Homeostasis -- Bone -- Kidneys -- Gastrointestinal Tract -- 11F.2. Hormonal Controls -- Parathyroid Hormone -- 1, 25-Dihydroxyvitamin D -- Calcitonin -- 11F.3. Metabolic Bone Diseases -- Hypercalcemia -- Hypocalcemia -- ch. 11 Clinical Case Study -- Test Questions -- Quantitative and Thought Questions -- Answers to Physiological Inquiries -- ch. 12 Cardiovascular Physiology -- Section A Overall Design of the Circulatory System -- 12A.1. System Overview -- 12A.2. Pressure, Flow, and Resistance -- Section B The Heart -- 12B.1. Anatomy -- Cardiac Muscle -- 12B.2. Heartbeat Coordination -- Sequence of Excitation -- Cardiac Action Potentials and Excitation of the SA Node -- The Electrocardiogram -- Excitation-Contraction Coupling -- Refractory Period of the Heart -- 12B.3. Mechanical Events of the Cardiac Cycle -- Mid-Diastole to Late Diastole -- Systole -- Early Diastole -- Pulmonary Circulation Pressures -- Heart Sounds -- 12B.4. The Cardiac Output -- Control of Heart Rate -- Control of Stroke Volume -- 12B.5. Measurement of Cardiac Function.

Section C The Vascular System -- 12C.1. Arteries -- Arterial Blood Pressure -- Measurement of Systemic Arterial Pressure -- 12C.2. Arterioles -- Local Controls -- Extrinsic Controls -- Endothelial Cells and Vascular Smooth Muscle -- Arteriolar Control in Specific Organs -- 12C.3. Capillaries -- Anatomy of the Capillary Network -- Velocity of Capillary Blood Flow -- Diffusion Across the Capillary Wall: Exchanges of Nutrients and Metabolic End Products -- Bulk Flow Across the Capillary Wall: Distribution of the Extracellular Fluid -- 12C.4. Veins -- Determinants of Venous Pressure -- 12C.5. The Lymphatic System -- Mechanism of Lymph Flow -- Section D Integration of Cardiovascular Function: Regulation of Systemic Arterial Pressure -- 12D.1. Baroreceptor Reflexes -- Arterial Baroreceptors -- The Medullary Cardiovascular Center -- Operation of the Arterial Baroreceptor Reflex -- Other Baroreceptors -- 12D.2. Blood Volume and Long-Term Regulation of Arterial Pressure -- 12D.3. Other Cardiovascular Reflexes and Responses -- Section E Cardiovascular Patterns in Health and Disease.

12E.1. Hemorrhage and Other Causes of Hypotension -- Shock -- 12E.2. The Upright Posture -- 12E.3. Exercise -- Maximal Oxygen Consumption and Training -- 12E.4. Hypertension -- 12E.5. Heart Failure -- 12E.6. Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy -- 12E.7. Coronary Artery Disease and Heart Attacks -- Section F Blood and Hemostasis -- 12F.1. Plasma -- 12F.2. The Blood Cells -- Erythrocytes -- Leukocytes -- Platelets -- Regulation of Blood Cell Production -- 12F.3. Hemostasis: The Prevention of Blood Loss -- Formation of a Platelet Plug -- Blood Coagulation: Clot Formation -- Anticlotting Systems -- Anticlotting Drugs -- ch. 12 Clinical Case Study -- Test Questions -- Quantitative and Thought Questions -- Answers to Physiological Inquiries -- ch. 13 Respiratory Physiology -- 13.1. Organization of the Respiratory System -- The Airways and Blood Vessels -- Site of Gas Exchange: The Alveoli -- Relation of the Lungs to the Thoracic (Chest) Wall -- 13.2. Ventilation and Lung Mechanics -- How is a Stable Balance Achieved Between Breaths? -- Inspiration -- Expiration -- Lung Compliance -- Airway Resistance -- Lung Volumes and Capacities -- Alveolar Ventilation.

13.3. Exchange of Gases in Alveoli and Tissues -- Partial Pressures of Gases -- Alveolar Gas Pressures -- Gas Exchange Between Alveoli and Blood -- Matching of Ventilation and Blood Flow in Alveoli -- Gas Exchange Between Tissues and Blood -- 13.4. Transport of Oxygen in Blood -- What is the Effect of Po2 on Hemoglobin Saturation? -- Effects of Blood Pco2' H+ Concentration, Temperature, and DPG Concentration on Hemoglobin Saturation -- 13.5. Transport of Carbon Dioxide in Blood -- 13.6. Transport of Hydrogen Ion Between Tissues and Lungs -- 13.7. Control of Respiration -- Neural Generation of Rhythmic Breathing -- Control of Ventilation by Po2' Pco2, and H+ Concentration -- Control of Ventilation During Exercise -- Other Ventilatory Responses -- 13.8. Hypoxia -- Why Do Ventilation-Perfusion Abnormalities Affect O2 More Than CO2? -- Emphysema -- Acclimatization to High Altitude -- 13.9. Nonrespiratory Functions of the Lungs -- ch. 13 Clinical Cast Study -- Test Questions -- Quantitative and Thought Questions -- Answers to Physiological Inquiries -- ch. 14 The Kidneys and Regulation of Water and Inorganic Ions -- Section A Basic Principles of Renal Physiology.

14A.1. Renal Functions -- 14A.2. Structure of the Kidneys and Urinary System -- 14A.3. Basic Renal Processes -- Glomerular Filtration -- Tubular Reabsorption -- Tubular Secretion -- Metabolism by the Tubules -- Regulation of Membrane Channels and Transporters -- "Division of Labor" in the Tubules -- 14A.4. The Concept of Renal Clearance -- 14A.5. Micturition -- Incontinence -- Section B Regulation of Ion and Water Balance -- 14B.1. Total-Body Balance of Sodium and Water -- 14B.2. Basic Renal Processes for Sodium and Water -- Primary Active Na+ Reabsorption -- Coupling of Water Reabsorption to Na+ Resbsorption -- Urine Concentration: The Countercurrent Multiplier System -- 14B.3. Renal Sodium Regulation -- Control of GFR -- Control of Na+ Reabsorption -- 14B.4. Renal Water Regulation -- Osmoreceptor Control of Vasopressin Secretion -- Baroreceptor Control of Vasopressin Secretion -- 14B.5. A Summary Example: The Response to Sweating -- 14B.6. Thirst and Salt Appetite -- 14B.7. Potassium Regulation -- Renal Regulation of K+ -- 14B.8. Renal Regulation of Calcium and Phosphate Ion.

14B.9. Summary -- Division of Labor -- 14B.10. Diuretics -- Section C Hydrogen Ion Regulation -- 14C.1. Sources of Hydrogen Ion Gain or Loss -- 14C.2. Buffering of Hydrogen Ion in the Body -- 14C.3. Integration of Homeostatic Controls -- 14C.4. Renal Mechanisms -- HCO3 -- Handling -- Addition of New HCO3 -- to the Plasma -- Renal Responses to Acidosis and Alkalosis -- 14C.5. Classification of Acidosis and Alkalosis -- ch. 14 Clinical Case Study -- Hemodialysis, Peritoneal Dialysis, and Transplantation -- Test Questions -- Quantitative and Thought Questions -- Answers to Physiological Inquiries -- ch. 15 The Digestion and Absorption of Food -- 15.1. Overview: Functions of the Gastrointestinal Organs -- 15.2. Structure of the Gastrointestinal Tract Wall -- 15.3. Digestion and Absorption -- Carbohydrate -- Protein -- Fat -- Vitamins -- Water and Minerals -- 15.4. How Are Gastrointestinal Processes Regulated? -- Basic Principles -- Mouth, Pharynx, and Esophagus -- Stomach -- Pancreatic Secretions -- Bile Secretion and Liver Function -- Small Intestine -- Large Intestine.

15.5. Pathophysiology of the Gastrointestinal Tract -- Ulcers -- Vomiting -- Gallstones -- Lactose Intolerance -- Constipation and Diarrhea -- ch. 15 Clinical Case Study -- Test Questions -- Quantitative and Thought Questions -- Answers to Physiological Inquiries -- ch. 16 Regulation of Organic Metabolism and Energy Balance -- Section A Control and Integration of Carbohydrate, Protein, and Fat Metabolism -- 16A.1. Events of the Absorptive and Postabsorptive States -- Absorptive State -- Postabsorptive State.

Note continued: 16A.2. Endocrine and Neural Control of the Absorptive and Postabsorptive States -- Insulin -- Glucagon -- Epinephrine and Sympathetic Nerves to Liver and Adipose Tissue -- Cortisol -- Growth Hormone -- Summary of Hormonal Controls -- Hypoglycemia -- 16A.3. Energy Homeostasis in Exercise and Stress -- Section B Regulation of Total-Body Energy Balance and Temperature -- 16B.1. Basic Concepts of Energy Expenditure -- Metabolic Rate -- 16B.2. Regulation of Total-Body Energy Stores -- Control of Food Intake -- Overweight and Obesity -- Eating Disorders: Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa -- What Should We Eat? -- 16B.3. Regulation of Body Temperature -- Mechanisms of Heat Loss or Gain -- Temperature-Regulating Reflexes -- Temperature Acclimatization -- 16B.4. Fever and Hyperthermia -- ch. 16 Clinical Case Study -- Test Questions -- Quantitative and Thought Questions -- Answers to Physiological Inquiries.

Ch. 17 Reproduction -- Section A Overview of Terminology and General Principles -- Section B Gametogenesis, Sex Determination, and Sex Differentiation -- 17B.1. Gametogenesis -- 17B.2. Sex Determination -- 17B.3. Sex Differentiation -- Differentiation of the Gonads -- Differentiation of Internal and External Genitalia -- 17B.4. Sexual Differentiation of the Central Nervous System and Homosexuality -- Section C Male Reproductive Physiology -- 17C.1. Anatomy -- 17C.2. Spermatogenesis -- 17C.3. Transport of Sperm -- Erection -- Ejaculation -- 17C.4. Hormonal Control of Male Reproductive Functions -- Control of the Testes -- Testosterone -- 17C.5. Puberty -- Secondary Sex Characteristics and Growth -- Behavior -- 17C.6. Hypogonadism -- 17C.7. Andropause -- Section D Female Reproductive Physiology -- 17D.1. Anatomy -- 17D.2. Ovarian Functions -- Oogenesis -- Follicle Growth -- Formation of the Corpus Luteum -- Sites of Synthesis of Ovarian Hormones.

17D.3. Control of Ovarian Function -- Follicle Development and Estrogen Synthesis During the Early and Middle Follicular Phases -- LH Surge and Ovulation -- The Luteal Phase -- 17D.4. Uterine Changes in the Menstrual Cycle -- 17D.5. Other Effects of Estrogen and Progesterone -- 17D.6. Androgens in Women -- 17D.7. Puberty -- 17D.8. Female Sexual Response -- 17D.9. Pregnancy -- Egg Transport -- Intercourse, Sperm Transport, and Capacitation -- Fertilization -- Early Development, Implantation, and Placentation -- Hormonal and Other Changes During Pregnancy -- Parturition -- Lactation -- Contraception -- Infertility -- 17D.10. Menopause -- ch. 17 Clinical Case Study -- Test Questions -- Quantitative and Thought Questions -- Answers to Physiological Inquiries -- ch. 18 The Immune System -- 18.1. Cells and Secretions Mediating Immune Defenses -- Immune Cells -- Cytokines -- 18.2. Innate Immune Responses -- Defenses at Body Surfaces -- Inflammation -- Interferons -- Toll-Like Receptors.

18.3. Adaptive Immune Responses -- Overview -- Lymphoid Organs and Lymphocyte Origins -- Functions of B Cells and T Cells -- Lymphocyte Receptors -- Antigen Presentation to T Cells -- NK Cells -- Development of Immune Tolerance -- Antibody-Mediated Immune Responses: Defenses Against Bacteria, Extracellular Viruses, and Toxins -- Defenses Against Virus-Infected Cells and Cancer Cells -- 18.4. Systemic Manifestations of Infection -- 18.5. Factors That Alter the Resistance to Infection -- Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) -- Antibiotics -- 18.6. Harmful Immune Responses -- Graft Rejection -- Transfusion Reactions -- Allergy (Hypersensitivity) -- Autoimmune Disease -- Excessive Inflammatory Responses -- ch. 18 Clinical Case Study -- Test Questions -- Quantitative and Thought Questions -- Answers to Physiological Inquiries -- ch. 19 Medical Physiology: Integration Using Clinical Cases -- Case 19-1 A Woman with Palpitations and Heat Intolerance -- 19-1.1. Case Presentation -- 19-1.2. Physical Examination.

19-1.3. Laboratory Tests -- 19-1.4. Diagnosis -- 19-1.5. Physiological Integration -- 19-1.6. Therapy -- Case 19-2 A Man with Chest Pain After a Long Airplane Flight -- 19-2.1. Case Presentation -- 19-2.2. Physical Examination -- 19-2.3. Laboratory Tests -- 19-2.4. Diagnosis -- 19-2.5. Physiological Integration -- 19-2.6. Therapy -- Case 19-3 A Man with Abdominal Pain, Fever, and Circulatory Failure -- 19-3.1. Case Presentation -- 19-3.2. Physical Examination -- 19-3.3. Laboratory Tests -- 19-3.4. Diagnosis -- 19-3.5. Physiological Integration -- 19-3.6. Therapy -- Case 19-4 A College Student with Nausea, Flushing, and Sweating -- 19-4.1. Case Presentation -- 19-4.2. Physical Examination -- 19-4.3. Laboratory Tests -- 19-4.4. Diagnosis -- 19-4.5. 19-4.6. Therapy.

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